Fig. 2
From: Physical exercise and epigenetic modifications in skeletal muscle, brain, and heart
Exercise-induced epigenetic changes in skeletal muscle. (A) DNA Methylation: Exercise induces changes in DNA methylation patterns that regulate gene expression. (B) Histone Modification: Exercise increases AMPK activation through AMP/ATP ratio changes and calcium signaling via CaMKII. These pathways lead to the phosphorylation of HDAC4 and HDAC5, which promote MEF2A-dependent activation of the GLUT4 promoter, improving glucose uptake and enhancing metabolic adaptations. (C) miRNA Regulation: Different types of exercise, such as acute endurance exercise, short-term endurance training, and weight training, influence the expression of specific miRNAs, which play crucial roles in regulating muscle growth and metabolism